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Surging Health Care and First-Responder Worker Quarantines Raise Concerns As Coronavirus Spreads

March 9, 2020 | FlaglerLive | 9 Comments

hospital absenteeism
Critical care. (Lionel & Heidi/Flickr)

As the U.S. battles to limit the spread of the highly contagious new coronavirus, the number of health care workers ordered to self-quarantine because of potential exposure to an infected patient is rising at an exponential pace. In Vacaville, California, alone, one case — the first documented instance of community transmission in the U.S. — left more than 200 hospital workers under quarantine and unable to work for weeks.




Across California, dozens more health care workers have been ordered home because of possible contagion in response to more than 80 confirmed cases as of Sunday afternoon. In Kirkland, Washington, more than a quarter of the city’s fire department was quarantined after exposure to a handful of infected patients at the Life Care Center nursing home.

With the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases mushrooming by the day, a quarantine response of this magnitude would quickly leave the health care system short-staffed and overwhelmed. The situation has prompted debate in the health care community about just what standards medical facilities should use before ordering workers quarantined — and what safety protocols need to become commonplace in clinics and emergency rooms.

Dr. Jennifer Nuzzo, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, is among those arguing hospitals need to change course.

“It’s just not sustainable to think that every time a health care worker is exposed they have to be quarantined for 14 days. We’d run out of health care workers,” Nuzzo said. Anyone showing signs of infection should stay home, she added, but providers who may have been exposed but are not symptomatic should not necessarily be excluded from work.

The correct response, she and others said, comes down to a careful balance of the evolving science with the need to maintain a functioning health care system.

While hospitals are supposed to be prepared for just such a situation, Nuzzo said, their plans often fall short. “Absent any imminent public health crisis, it may not be one of their priorities,” she said. From 2003 to 2019, federal funding for the Hospital Preparedness Program in the U.S. was cut almost in half.

In Northern California, potential exposure to the new coronavirus was exacerbated because hospitals were caught unaware by the community spread of the virus and hampered by federal protocols that initially limited diagnostic testing to patients with a history of travel to a country where the virus was known to be circulating or contact with a person with a known infection.

“At the very beginning [of an outbreak] this will happen because you don’t know patients are infected and you only realize later that people were exposed,” said Grzegorz Rempala, a mathematician at the College of Public Health at Ohio State University who models the spread of infectious diseases.

Now that the disease has started to spread through the community, any patient with respiratory symptoms potentially could be infected, though health officials note the likelihood remains low. As providers start routinely wearing protective gear and employing strict safety protocols, accidental exposure should decline.

The Vacaville case offers stark insight into the fallout from the narrow testing protocols initially established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. When a woman was admitted to NorthBay VacaValley Hospital with respiratory symptoms on Feb. 15, dozens of hospital workers walked in and out of her room performing daily tasks. Days later, as her condition worsened, she was sent to UC Davis Medical Center, where dozens more employees were potentially exposed.

Because the woman did not meet the testing criteria in place at the time, it took days for UC Davis to get approval to have her assessed for the coronavirus. After the test came back positive, about 100 NorthBay workers were sent into self-quarantine for 14 days. At UC Davis, an additional 36 nurses and 88 other employees were quarantined, according to the unions representing those workers. (A spokesman for UC Davis said the figures were not accurate but declined to give an estimate.)

“We’re not used to being concerned, before we even do the triage assessment, [about] whether the patient is infectious and could infect hospital workers,” said Dr. Kristi Koenig, the EMS medical director of San Diego County. She said that thinking started to evolve during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Hospitals should routinely mask patients who come in with respiratory symptoms, she said, given any such patient could have an infectious disease such as tuberculosis.

Yet providers don’t often think in those terms. “In many ways we’re spoiled because we’ve gone from a society 50 or 100 years ago where the major killers were infectious disease,” said Dr. Michael Wilkes, a professor at UC Davis School of Medicine. “Now we’ve become complacent because the major killers are heart disease and diabetes.”

Faced with this new infection risk, many hospitals are scrambling to retrain workers in safety precautions, such as how to correctly don and doff personal protective equipment.

Sutter Health, which has 24 hospitals in Northern California, started ramping up its emergency management system five weeks ago in preparation for COVID-19. Before coming to the emergency room, Sutter patients are asked to call a hotline to be assessed by a nurse or an automated system designed to screen for symptoms of the virus. Those with likely symptoms are guided to a telemedicine appointment unless they need to be admitted to a hospital.

Anyone arriving at a Sutter emergency room with signs of a respiratory infection is given a mask and sequestered. “A runny nose and a cough doesn’t tell you much. It could be a cold, it could be a flu, and in this weather it could be allergies,” said Dr. Bill Isenberg, Sutter’s chief quality and safety officer. A doctor or nurse in protective equipment — including N95 mask, gown and goggles — is deployed to assess the patient’s symptoms. If COVID-19 is suspected, the patient is moved into a private room.

Sutter has treated several coronavirus patients who arrived from Travis Air Force Base, which housed evacuees from the Diamond Princess cruise ship quarantined off the coast of Japan after an outbreak was detected on board. The Sutter patients were placed in negative pressure rooms so that contaminated air did not circulate to the rest of the hospital, and staff used an anteroom to take off gowns and masks.

“We do everything humanly possible to minimize the number of people who have to enter [the room],” Isenberg said. Still, he said, some workers have been quarantined; Sutter would not disclose the total.

Not all hospitals are adapting so quickly. National Nurses United, a union representing more than 150,000 nurses, recently held a news conference to call on hospitals to better protect their workers. Of the 6,500 nurses who participated in a survey the union circulated, fewer than half said they had gotten instruction in how to recognize and respond to possible cases of COVID-19. Just 30% said their employer has sufficient protective equipment on hand to protect staff if there were a surge in infected patients.

As the virus continues to spread, hospitals should be stockpiling such equipment, figuring out how to add beds and planning for staffing shortages, said Dr. Richard Waldhorn, a professor of medicine at Georgetown University and contributing scholar at Johns Hopkins who recently co-authored recommendations for hospitals on how to prepare for a COVID-19 pandemic.

Hospitals should already be training providers to take on expanded duties, Waldhorn said. If a hospital becomes overwhelmed, the Medical Reserve Corps can be mobilized, as can networks of providers who have volunteered to aid in emergency situations. Once workers have been infected and recover, it might make sense to have them treat other coronavirus patients since they will have immunity.

Eventually, as a disease becomes widespread, quarantine simply stops being a priority, said Nina Fefferman, a mathematician and epidemiologist at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville.

“There’s a point where we stop trying to quarantine anyone and we just say, OK, we’re going to have more deaths from the fire department not being able to fight fire than from everyone getting the disease.”

–Jenny Gold, Kaiser Health News

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Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Sherry says

    March 9, 2020 at 12:41 pm

    Scientists have, for years, been writing about the interrelationships between “Climate Change” (you know, that great big hoax. . . she said sarcastically) and infectious diseases. . . take a good read, do more research, become educated, and try to prepare:

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45744/

    http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/geo458/Readings/Epstein_2001.pdf

  2. Marvin says

    March 9, 2020 at 1:52 pm

    If I had to be quarantined , i’m staying in the Poppey’s chicken eatery . Since Im getting sick I might as well eat good !!!!!

    LOVE that CHICKEN from POPPEY’S

  3. Lynette says

    March 9, 2020 at 2:43 pm

    Bike weeks needs to be canceled immediatly! Also schools should close temporarily along with all local youth sporting events and public meetings.

  4. Concerned Citizen says

    March 9, 2020 at 3:43 pm

    I’m curious as to how this quarentine is working? How is one “ordered” into it? Is it court ordered? Are you placed into custody? Are you still paid while being quarentined? After all you were exposed to it while performing the duties your job requires. And what happens afterwards when a quarentine is ordered but then it turns out it was a false alarm? Most of us can’t afford to miss two weeks of work.

    One thing that should be noted here. It appears that even as advanced as our healthcare system is, they are not prepared to deal with a major epidemic. Scary to think about in a day and age where biological and chemical warfare are still present. If “Corona” causes this much scare imagine what a wide spread case of Ebola or small pox might accomplish.

  5. Gus says

    March 9, 2020 at 4:10 pm

    Where was the Panic? What’s the difference? Obama/Trump! -151,700-575,400 people died from H1N1 during the first year. Globally, 80% of H1N1 virus-related deaths occurred in people younger than 65.
    The difference is all the current media hype: they are trying to play our EMOTIONS, but we need to think with our BRAINS.
    We really need to look at the facts.
    From April 12, 2009 to April 10, 2010, CDC estimated there were 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3-89.3 million), 274,304 hospitalizations (range: 195,086-402,719), and 12,469 deaths (range: 8868-18,306) in the United States due to the (H1N1)pdm09 virus.

    Additionally, CDC estimated that 151,700-575,400 people worldwide died from (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection during the first year the virus circulated.** Globally, 80 percent of (H1N1)pdm09 virus-related deaths were estimated to have occurred in people younger than 65 years of age.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_in_the_United_States#Flu_strain_severity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1#2009_Influenza_A.28H1N1.29_pandemic

    https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html

  6. Laura says

    March 9, 2020 at 7:29 pm

    Interesting interview on containment.

    https://www.thestreet.com/.amp/latest-news/right-next-door-to-china-taiwan-has-largely-contained-covid-19-heres-how

  7. Grace Zultowski says

    March 9, 2020 at 7:32 pm

    This is an interesting article, but not complete. You didn’t bring it home to tell us what Advent Health doing to protect its employees and how Flagler county is protecting its first responders. How do we compare? What protocols are in place to keep them safe while allowing them to examine those who may be infected?

  8. Ben Dover says

    March 10, 2020 at 5:34 am

    Why is nobody else concerned about Bike Week , is everybody a freaking idiot ??? Do you people not understand what they have done ? Daytona is going to be Ground Zero for the biggest Pandemic Outbreak this country has ever seen , I don`t know how many of these irresponsible A-holes descended upon our home , but the Rethuglican party should be held responsible for allowing this to happen , I honestly don`t think you people understand what they did , sometimes it`s as many as 250.000 bikers , every single thing they do happens either inside a bar or outside it , they are in drunken party mode , they are not going to be washing their hands , or avoiding contact with others , they are going to be making out , and having sex , the women are there for nothing else , they take their tops off then spread their legs , I`ve been many times , the woman next to me at the Skynyrd concert had her own breasts in her mouth and was licking it and offering it up to me , unfortunately my wife was right there too , but there was not a Pandemic outbreak at that time , it`s not just our area affected , these people will be traveling back to their own cities across the US and Canada , how are you going to track the known people they were in contact with , I mean cmon is this not sinking in yet , WTF is the matter with you people , this is a major disaster , and the rethuglican`s that allowed this to happen took bribes from the Hotel Industry and just said screw the masses , trump basically said the same thing in his speech earlier today , calling out to the hoteliers saying he`ll do as much as possible to keep them happy , HELLO IS IT SINKING IN YET!!!

  9. Frank says

    March 10, 2020 at 6:26 pm

    Could you some how fathem the idea that thats the reason for the alertness to coronavirus? To prevent it from becoming as big as h1n1?
    That is why people are doing their do diligence to stay out of public and practicr good hygene. I dont what panic you speak of, mostly peolke just being aware and doing their part.

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