The Federalist served as a critical theoretical bridge for ratifying the Constitution. The essays by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay advanced political science by redefining republics and creating institutions to channel human self-interest. They remain the most important commentary on American constitutional governance.
Commentary
‘Rededicating’ US to God? Jefferson and Madison Would Not Approve.
Jefferson’s and Madison’s half-century of collaboration on behalf of religious freedom and equality is an important chapter in the nation’s founding history. Its legacy should be remembered and celebrated, not discarded.
What, Then, Is An American?
The question–what is an American–has been asked for 250 years and has always been more important than the answer. The clue is in the asking. There is no single answer to what cannot be defined, what should not be defined. The moment we answer the question with any kind of finality, the moment we say an American is this, that or the other, we are asking an un-American question
Trump’s Assault on the Green Card
More than half a million people rely every year on the ability to apply from within the United States for a green card, the government-issued ID that allows an immigrant to legally live and work in the country long term. The federal government has now issued a draft change to current policy that denies immigrants the ability to apply for a green card while in the U.S. Instead, they would have to return to their home country to do it.
A Democracy or a Republic? Americans Are Asking the Wrong Question
The United States has functioned as a hybrid of democratic and republican ideals since its founding. James Madison distinguished between “pure” democracy and representative republics, yet he incorporated democratic elements to ensure actual representation. History reveals a continuous struggle between aristocratic elites and popular power. Americans should embrace both traditions to ensure the government remains accountable to the people rather than ruled by few.
Your Cellphone Location Data Is Now Protected by the Fourth Amendment
The Supreme Court ruled that whenever police obtain an individual’s cell location data, even from a third-party tech company, it constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable government searches and seizures, and it does so in part by requiring search warrants based on probable cause that describe the particular person or thing to be searched.
As Route 66 Turns 100, What Is It That We’re Actually Celebrating?
As Route 66 approaches its centennial, the history of the highway reveals a stark division between promotional myths and historical reality. Early civic marketing manufactured an idealized American image of freedom and romance. This legendary status excluded Black and Latino travelers who faced systemic discrimination on the road. The subsequent rise of midcentury interstate highways eventually caused the economic decline of the route.
Republicans and Democrats Agree on What Makes a Good Teacher
Americans across the political spectrum share a unified vision of excellent teaching. Surveys from 2020 to 2025 demonstrate that Republicans and Democrats prioritize strong teacher-student relationships over strict discipline or high-stakes competition. Perceptions shift negatively only when partisan labels are attached to specific educational ideas. These findings suggest that common ground exists for school reform if debates focus on practice rather than ideology.
Modern Politicians Attempt To Sanitize The Complex And Morally Messy Realities Of Florida History
Florida celebrates America’s 250th anniversary by erecting statues of founders, yet the state was actually a loyal British colony in 1776. The territory resisted the American revolution, repelled continental forces, and later became a Spanish headache before its eventual transfer to the United States. Modern political myths obscure this complicated, messy history that citizens should contemplate during patriotic holidays.
The Supreme Court Favors Christians’ Liberties. Others, Not So Much.
The Supreme Court ruled in Landor v. Louisiana that federal law protecting prisoners’ religious rights does not permit lawsuits for money damages against individual prison officials. The six-to-three decision creates a barrier for inmates seeking accountability when their religious practices are violated. Justice Gorsuch argued the spending clause prevents private suits against officials. Dissenting, Justice Jackson warned this ruling leaves prisoners without necessary legal remedies.
Justices Rule You Can Hold a Pistol and a Gummy at the Same Time
The Supreme Court issued two landmark June 2026 decisions expanding Second Amendment protections, striking down a restrictive Hawaii concealed carry law and unanimously invalidating a federal law banning gun ownership for unlawful drug users. Historical traditions, the court ruled, relying on that newly favored standard, do not support disarming moderate pot consumers.
Strength Training Matters at Any Age
You will lose muscle during periods of immobilization, whether from illness, surgery or injury. The loss is inevitable. What’s not inevitable is whether you can afford that loss. If you’re already low on muscle mass, losing even a small amount can push you over the edge from independence to dependence. The same loss that barely affects someone with a larger amount of muscle can leave someone with less muscle unable to function independently.
No Donald, You Do Not Own Congress
President Donald Trump remarked that he forgot to consider congressional input regarding the new Iran deal, rhetoric that mirrors a broad pattern of expanding executive overreach. The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of separated powers where the legislature serves as a coequal branch. Disregarding this framework sidelines elected representatives, isolates the public from self-government and reduces a resilient constitutional republic to a top-down hierarchy.
Violent Crime Is at Its Lowest in More than a Century. The Money that Helped Reduce It Is Disappearing
The United States is experiencing one of the steepest declines in violent crime in modern history, including a murder rate at its lowest point in more than a century. Yet the Trump administration has yanked hundreds of millions of dollars from the programs that helped make those numbers possible.
How Fear and Loathing Pushes Americans to Vote for Scandalous Candidates
Democrats and Republicans are far away from each other on policy preferences, issue positions and culture. They are also distant in terms of where they live, whom they support, how they feel and even whom they love. Political science tells us that this polarized distance has increased feelings of personal animus between members of the two parties. Political psychology says the more different Americans are from each other, the easier it is for them to not just disagree with the other side but to dislike the other side to the point of viewing them as a threat.
Trump’s Iran Deal Let’s Israel Screw Lebanon Again
President Donald Trump is framing the deal as a win for the U.S. and the closing of the latest chapter in Washington’s Middle East entanglement. But Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, whose country was reportedly shut out of the diplomatic process, may have other plans that would challenge Trump’s authority in the region.
Stop Celebrating Maradona’s ‘Hand of God’ Goal
The “Hand of God” downgrades the competency by which players distinguish themselves. Additionally, it is an unambiguous case of cheating. Maradona intentionally and surreptitiously violated a rule of the sport to obtain an advantage that he would not have obtained otherwise – it distorts the sport, spoils the result and disrespects the opposing team.
No, Trump’s War on Migrants Isn’t Only Targeting ‘Illegals’
On the eve of its 250th anniversary, America is waging a sinister war against both legal and undocumented immigrants through hostile administrative rules. The federal government targets green card holders, students, and workers of color by restricting employment and speech with xenophobic policies that force self-deportations, empty out universities, and threaten economic survival, destroying the traditional American dream that once welcomed the downtrodden.
Clothless Emperor Trump’s Surrenders in the Iran Deal
The leaders of the United States and Iran have signed a 14-point memorandum of understanding to end the war between their countries, as well as Israel’s military assault on Hezbollah in Lebanon. From the US point of view, the deal leaves a lot to be desired. Washington is giving up a lot for very little in return. President Donald Trump’s claims of success make this feel like an “emperor has no clothes” moment.
Juneteenth’s Reminders
The Biden administration declared Juneteenth a federal holiday in 2021. Today, Juneteenth commemorates the end of slavery in the U.S. But the story for formerly enslaved people continued to unfold in complex ways well after Juneteenth, including when it came to their educational journeys. Juneteenth made clear that freedom was not just confined to someone’s physical enslavement, but mental enslavement as well, bound in the laws that barred enslaved people from receiving an education in Southern states.
Violent Spectacles from Nero to Trump
Public combat spectacles from ancient Rome to modern mixed martial arts serve as powerful rituals that trigger identity fusion among spectators. This psychological process merges individual identities into a collective cause, driving a willingness to endure hardship. Political movements and leaders capitalize on these moral dramas to foster deep trust, reinforce civilizational narratives, and build immense solidarity under conditions that defy material logic.
Trump Iran Deal Returns Conflict to Costly Prewar Conditions
The preliminary United States and Iran peace agreement signed in Switzerland resolves immediate maritime blockades to open oil shipping lanes. The underlying causes of the war remain unaddressed. Deferring nuclear enrichment limits, ballistic missile curbs, and regional proxy restrictions for two months preserves the unstable prewar status quo. Decimated diplomatic credibility and unyielding sovereignty positions indicate this agreement functions as a brief pause before subsequent conflict.
Palm Coast Council’s Pontieri: Why I Reject Mayor Norris’s Flawed, AI-Generated Austerity Budget Proposal
Responding to a proposed “austerity resolution” Mayor Mike Norris submitted as a “shell” for the city manager and city attorney to develop, Palm Coast City Council member Theresa Pontieri rejects the proposal as flawed and reliant on artificial intelligence. It suggests redundancies, counterproductive schedule shifts, and harmful community cuts. Real governance, the vice mayor argues, requires human diligence and council deliberations.
Was FIFA Wrong to Ban Haiti’s World Cup Jersey?
Ahead of its first match in the 2026 World Cup, the Haitian national soccer team was forced to make a last-minute change. FIFA, the sport’s global governing body, said the jersey design violated its rules, which ban political slogans or imagery. FIFA didn’t elaborate on which components of the jersey were problematic. But the issue almost certainly stemmed from the small image of a group of people holding the Haitian flag that appeared on the right hip of the jersey.
The Social Security Trust Fund on the Brink. Again.
A new financial report projects the Social Security trust fund will face depletion by 2032, when incoming revenue might cover only 78 percent of scheduled retirement benefits. Deeper structural challenges drive the crisis. Declining birth rates, lower net migration, and high national debt complicate potential solutions. Congress must secure a bipartisan compromise soon to protect workers and avoid a severe political emergency.
World Cup Fever
Why do we watch the World Cup? This is a tournament of paradoxes, a too-big-to-fail quadrennial festival of corruption, cheating, profiteering, nationalist chauvinism and mostly crappy soccer. Yet it can hypnotize and transport to a utopia of competition as idealized and convincing as Pelé’s deification of the sport as “the beautiful game.” We watch not so much for the thrill–most games are snoozfests–but for the nostalgia of a game that never existed, but that we reimagine with every match.
The Trouble with El Niño When Ocean Temperatures Are Already Near Record Highs
Global ocean temperatures are already near record highs, so El Niño-induced marine heat waves could push many sensitive fisheries to a breaking point. Warm water might not seem like a big deal, especially to surfers hoping to leave their wetsuits at home. But for many marine organisms that are highly adapted to specific water temperatures, marine heat waves can make living in the ocean feel like running a marathon.
A Statistical Look at Who Will Win at the World Cup
The result of each match in the World Cup can be simulated. We took into account the official tournament draw and all FIFA rules, including the possibility of overtime and penalty shootouts. We ran the simulation 100,000 times to determine the tournament’s most likely course. The results show that Spain is the favorite for the title with a winning probability of 14.5%, closely followed by England and France, each at 12.4%, and Germany at 11.2%.
Should You Feel Bad About Rooting Against the US in the World Cup?
The 2026 World Cup promises to be the planet’s most-watched sporting event. It’s also poised to generate its fair share of controversy. The Trump administration is historically unpopular, and its critics are already concerned about sportswashing: when governments use the spectacle of athletic competition to burnish their image and distract the public. It’s natural for fans who are critical of their country’s behavior sometimes feel ambivalent about rooting for their national sports teams.
Florida Property Tax Reform Is a State Power Grab at Your Local Government’s Expense
Florida proposals to eliminate property taxes threaten to dismantle decades of local home rule as state control of funding would strip decision-making authority from counties and cities, making both dependent on Tallahassee. This fiscal structural change shifts tens of billions of dollars onto a state facing its own future deficits. Ultimately, the cost burden moves to consumers and renters through alternative fees.
Soccer or Football? Don’t Let Snobbery Be the Answer.
This disparagement of the word “soccer” is not only petty and tiresome – it is also incorrect. It ignores the roots of the sport and the development of the language of the game. Rather than making the word taboo, the football ecosystem should embrace it. “Soccer” was freely and proudly used in the British press and in public for nearly a century, until the 1980s. The British press continues to use “soccer” and “football” interchangeably to avoid repetitive writing.
Why Children’s Reading Scores Aren’t Rising
There is a crowded marketplace of reading textbooks and software for schools to purchase, and it is often difficult to determine which one is better than the others. As a result, schools may end up purchasing new, expensive materials that do little to improve reading skills.
5 Ways Data Centers Endanger Community and Country
The rapid expansion of data centers driven by artificial intelligence creates significant physical consequences for local communities as facilities strain electrical grids, deplete water resources and impose on neighbors persistent noise pollution and diminished air quality from backup generators. Rising demand also threatens to increase residential energy bills significantly. Sustainable planning and renewable energy adoption remain essential for mitigating these widespread public health risks.
Inflation and ICE Fears Threaten Miami’s Economic Benefits from World Cup
Miami, one of the venues for the World Cup, may be hit hard as recent tourism reports indicate there will be fewer hotel reservations than anticipated due to reduced international travel confidence and a growing uncertainty related to U.S. immigration policies, geopolitical instability, tariffs and inflation.
Florida’s Budget Fails Citizens But Delivers Overdue Justice For Groveland Four
Florida lawmakers approved a $115 billion budget packed with corporate handouts, political propaganda, costly special sessions and fiscal waste on private legal fights and environmental liabilities, but at least the Legislature agreed to allocate $4 million to compensate families of the Groveland Boys. The gesture provides financial restitution to the descendants of four Black men subjected to a notorious 1949 racial injustice.
Marjane Satrapi’s Masterpiece, “Persepolis,” Transformed Our Understanding of Iran
The death of Iranian-French graphic novelist Marjane Satrapi highlights her enduring contribution to international literature through her masterpiece Persepolis. Her beautifully illustrated graphic memoir humanized the complex realities of the Iranian Revolution. Satrapi offered a universally accessible language for political displacement, successfully challenging Western stereotypes. Her work balanced structural critiques of authoritarian regimes with a sharp rejection of Western cultural hypocrisy.
How The 1994 World Cup Rescued Soccer
The defensive, cynical play of Italia ’90 pushed FIFA to implement major rule changes ahead of the 1994 World Cup. The introduction of the backpass rule and the three-point system incentivized attacking play. These historic adjustments permanently elevated the ethical and aesthetic standards of the sport. Fans should expect high-quality, entertaining matches when the tournament returns to North America.
Florida’s Bathtub Hoax on Homesteaded Taxpayers
The Florida Legislature’s proposed constitutional amendment to expand the homestead tax exemption is a hoax that claims the homesteaded are overtaxed and local governments are wasteful. The proposal, if it passes, threatens to severely cripple local government budgets, starving infrastructure, emergency medical responses, social programs, and community safety initiatives. Homeowners will ultimately absorb higher out-of-pocket costs for neglected public services. The current system already unfairly shifts tax burdens onto local businesses and renters.
Yet Another Botched Execution
Tennessee set out to execute Tony Carruthers on May 21, 2026, but he lived to tell about it. What happened to Carruthers is a reminder that things frequently go wrong in executions, even if in almost all cases the problem is resolved and the execution is completed. Indeed, in the past 80 years, only eight other men have had experiences like Carruthers’ and survived execution attempts.
The World Cup Is About Cultural Exchange. But in Trump’s America?
The most culturally diverse men’s football World Cup in history is taking place in the United States at a time when foreign nationals feel less and less welcome in the country. In 2026, the US has created an unwelcome situation for potential travellers. ICE raids on suspected migrant populations have dominated the news for months. This has an impact on numbers.
No Economic Gains for U.S. Workers Where Ice Ramped Up Enforcement
In the first year of Trump’s second term, unemployment rose, hiring slowed and wage growth stagnated. The construction sector was hit particularly hard. While areas with heavier ICE enforcement saw a drop in employment among immigrants, there was no increase in either employment or wages among U.S. citizens.
Federal Flood Insurance’s Two Moral Hazards
Perverse incentives create different cycles of vulnerability across income levels. The problem with federal disaster insurance today isn’t just about subsidizing wealthier coastal homeowners – it’s equally about leaving low-income households systematically underinsured without resources to either protect themselves or leave.
About Half of Young Americans Can’t Name a Single Holocaust Site
Recent surveys indicate nearly half of young Americans cannot identify a single Holocaust site, an ignorance that mirrors historical patterns in postwar West Germany. Significant knowledge gaps and antisemitic incidents previously forced German educational reforms. These reforms moved schools toward active learning and primary source analysis.
Letter from the Magic Mountain
We formed an unlikely bond over a shared disdain for local political spectacles and a mutual passion for books no one reads anymore, Thomas Mann’s Magic Mountain especially. And now an illness from the underworld is doing its ravages.
Unwinding with Screens Is a Contradiction
Aas interest in self-care continues to grow, Americans’ mental health is getting worse. Cut off television, email, Zooming, social media, streaming or texting. The benefits are almost immediate. You sleep better, have a longer attention span, and have a newfound sense of mental quiet. These effects reflected a well-established principle in neuroscience: When cognitive and emotional stimuli decrease, the brain’s regulatory systems can recover from overload and chronic stress.
Orwell’s AI ‘Novel‑Writing Machines’ Are Here
That a machine might use individual writings not only to learn about subject matter, but also to analyze and ultimately mimic authorial voice, points to a future that George Orwell envisioned with eerie prescience. In his 1949 dystopian novel “1984,” Orwell imagined “novel-writing machines” capable of mass-producing literature, employing programmed mechanical “kaleidoscopes” as substitutes for individual artistic process.
Inflation Is Spreading Throughout the US Economy
Fresh price data shows United States inflation is expanding beyond energy into housing, utilities, and recreation. This trend presents a severe challenge for newly sworn Fed Chair Kevin Warsh. Higher oil prices reduce consumer spending power and simultaneously accelerate underlying costs. Consequently, the central bank faces a divided economy where artificial intelligence investments support market optimism but everyday citizens encounter persistent, damaging price increases.
Pope Leo’s AI Warning
Pope Leo XIV has just declared artificial intelligence one of the defining moral challenges of our time, in his first encyclical: a formal letter intended to guide moral, social and theological thought. Titled Magnifica Humanitas (Magnificent Humanity), it argues technology must serve humanity, rather than concentrate power or weaken human dignity.
Bigoted Interpretation Of Crusader History Is Radicalizing Far Right Terrorists Against Muslims
The deadly May 2026 assault on the Islamic Center of San Diego highlights a dangerous global trend of far-right extremists weaponizing distorted European history. Assailants draw violent inspiration from the Crusades, Nazi iconography, and white nationalist myths to justify Islamophobic and antisemitic atrocities. But authentic Muslim and Arab history is in short supply in schools.
Last in Teacher Pay, Florida Continues to Dismantle Public Education, Alienate Teachers and Fund Scandal-Ridden Vouchers
Florida ranks last nationwide in teacher pay, forcing educators to take multiple jobs or leave the state entirely. Instead of addressing the crisis, lawmakers suppress public unions, enforces restrictive curriculum laws, and redirects vital taxpayer funds to unaccountable private voucher programs. Systematic political attacks are damaging classroom morale, lowering local school enrollment, and threatening the survival of the public education system. That, of course, is the end game.








