The U.S. offshore wind power industry is in its infancy, with just a handful of turbines installed along the Atlantic coast.
But they’re already being blamed for the deaths of whales that have washed up on beaches in New Jersey, New York, Virginia and elsewhere. [In anuary, a killer whale washed up on Flagler County’s shore, near Hammock Dunes Club, in what was reported as the first killer whale beaching anywhere on the wast coast in generations. “This whale was an older female, almost geriatric, and she did have a lot of illness going on in her body,” Blair Mase-Gutherie, NOAA’s Southeast region marine mammals stranding coordinator, told media outlets days afterward. “So we could rule out potential human interaction, we could rule out trauma. It looks more like something going on as illness. It looks like an illness impacted this whale.” See: “In ‘Extremely Rare’ Event, Killer Whale Beaches and Dies in Surf Near Hammock Dunes Club]
A Fox News story on Feb. 13 made strenuous attempts to link a dead right whale to Dominion Energy’s Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind project, which currently consists of two small test turbines about 27 miles off the coast of Virginia Beach.
It was among a string of articles from local and national outlets on wind development and dead whales over the past several months that also saw a call for an offshore wind moratorium by 30 mayors of coastal New Jersey towns. The backlash comes as states and the federal government increasingly set aggressive offshore wind energy targets and as the industry tries to develop supply chains and solve transmission problems.
However, according to several federal agencies and scientists, there’s no connection between offshore wind development and what the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calls an “unusual mortality event” that’s been afflicting whales up and down the East Coast, from Maine to Florida, since 2016, before the vast majority of Atlantic coast wind development began. At the time, the only U.S. wind project in operation was the five-turbine Block Island Wind Farm off the coast of Rhode Island. As of 2022, though, at least 20 projects were in various stages of development
“At this point, there is no evidence to support speculation that noise resulting from wind development-related site characterization surveys could potentially cause mortality of whales, and no specific links between recent large whale mortalities and currently ongoing surveys,” NOAA said in a statement.
“We will continue to gather data to help us determine the cause of death for these mortality events. We will also continue to explore how sound, vessel and other human activities in the marine environment impact whales and other marine mammals.”
‘Ship strikes’
Last week, the Marine Mammal Commission, an independent federal agency tasked with protecting whales, dolphins and other marine mammals by overseeing science, policy and management actions, said there had been 16 humpback whale strandings this winter, noting that 10 or more humpback whales have been stranded every year since 2016, with a high of 34 in 2017.
Andy Read, a marine biology professor at Duke University and a member of the Marine Mammal Commission, said the biggest threat to humpback and severely endangered North Atlantic right whales, of which fewer than 350 remain in existence, are ships and fishing gear.
“I don’t see offshore wind as a particularly acute threat at this time,” he said, noting that about 40% of dead whales show evidence of being hit by a ship or getting tangled in fishing gear. “We know what the big threats to large whales are in the coastal areas of the Atlantic … they’re ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear and we shouldn’t lose our focus on those two big threats.”
Read said that, in the case of humpback whales, a combination of growing numbers and cleaner waters means they’re coming back to areas previously abandoned because of pollution and the ravages of the whaling industry.
“We are seeing more whales in places we didn’t see them before,” he said. “That’s a function of populations growing.”
He added that younger whales often prefer to stay in the busy ship lanes of the mid-Atlantic during the winter, comparing them to kids playing on a highway.
“Younger animals feed in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay where they’re really vulnerable to ship strikes,” he said.
Conservative opposition
The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, which oversees ocean energy extraction and manages federal offshore wind leases, requires that wind survey vessels, which use acoustic equipment to map the ocean floor, establish “exclusion zones” around the ships, meaning it must be clear of marine mammals or sea turtles for a length of time before the gear can be used. It also requires ships to use independent observers to watch for whales and other marine mammals to minimize the risk of a collision.
And BOEM says the technology used in the offshore wind industry’s high-resolution geophysical surveys is much less powerful than the seismic airguns that have been employed for decades by offshore companies to look for oil and gas deposits beneath the seafloor.
“Overall, the sound sources used here are generally expected to be much lower in impact than seismic air guns,” said Erica Staaterman, a bioacoustician at BOEM’s Center for Marine Acoustics, during a press call in January. “There’s no evidence that any of these sound sources used in HRG surveys are attributed to any of these kind of impacts to baleen whales.”
The American Clean Power Association, a trade group of renewable energy companies, said offshore wind work at the moment amounts to a tiny sliver of the vessel traffic along the busy ports of the East Coast. The association blamed “groups opposed to clean energy projects” for spreading “baseless information that has been debunked by scientists and experts.”
Indeed, news outlets have linked some of the organizations clamoring to halt wind development for the whales’ sake to conservative opponents of renewable energy.
“It’s unfortunate that so much misinformation is obscuring the facts of what’s really happening off the shores of the East Coast. We have always worked alongside the environmental community to protect marine life and follow rigorous standards when developing projects,” the association said in a statement.
As for the right whale that washed up in Virginia, a necropsy that came out just two days after the Fox article revealed that the whale appeared to have died of a vessel strike.
“While these whale deaths are tragic, they are not related to Dominion Energy’s Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind activities,” said Jeremy Slayton, a company spokesman. “There are currently only three offshore wind vessels operating off Virginia’s coast and they were in port between Feb. 6 and Feb. 13.”
“Despite several reports in the media, there is no evidence to link these strandings to offshore wind energy development,” the commission said.
–Robert Zullo, Florida Phoenix
ralph6 says
No evidence, yet. It’s being looked into. Hypothesizing on possible causes is a good thing. Following the hypothesis with research is the next step and is in place. Denigrating the process isn’t helpful.
Yes, large ships do strike and kill whales. Very sad. Working to understand what other factors there may be is a good thing. We need to protect wildlife.
BTW, there’s a couple of typos in this: “[In anuary, a killer whale washed up on Flagler County’s shore, near Hammock Dunes Club, in what was reported as the first killer whale beaching anywhere on the wast coast in generations. “