By Eirini Karamouzi and Luc-André Brunet
The 2024 Nobel peace prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, a Japanese grassroots organisation created by survivors of the two US atomic bombs that were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
The Norwegian Nobel committee recognised the organisation “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again”.
Discussion of the bombings, which killed more than 100,000 Japanese people, was largely a taboo in the immediate post-war period. This was, in part, thanks to American press censorship in occupied Japan.
But, in 1954, an American nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean produced such extensive radioactive fallout that it affected a Japanese fishing boat, the Lucky Dragon, causing one death from radiation poisoning.
The Lucky Dragon incident prompted many of the atomic bomb survivors, who are known as the hibakusha, to speak out about their experiences. And it was within this context that Nihon Hidankyo was created in 1956.
Since then, the hibakusha have played an immeasurable role in activism against nuclear weapons worldwide. Their testimony, the Nobel committee said, has “helped to generate and consolidate widespread opposition to nuclear weapons around the world”.
In 1975, for example, a group of hibakusha that included Setsuko Thurlow, a member of Nihon Hidankyo and a globally renowned campaigner against nuclear weapons, organised an exhibition on the atomic bombings at the Toronto public library.
This helped trigger the development of a significant anti-nuclear movement in Canada. By the early 1980s, tens of thousands of Canadians regularly demonstrated against their government’s support for US nuclear weapons.
Then, in 1984, another survivor of the Hiroshima bombing called Takashi Morita co-founded a hibakusha organisation based in São Paulo to share their stories and raise awareness in Brazil of the devastating consequences of nuclear weapons.
Growing awareness of the experiences of the hibakusha throughout the 1980s inspired Europeans to protest against the deployment of new nuclear missiles in their countries. The phrase “no Euroshima!” became a popular slogan for the European peace movement.
Nihon Hidankyo’s efforts have focused not only on sharing the experiences of hibakusha, but also using them to gain support for the abolition of nuclear weapons worldwide.
The organisation has been a key supporter of the UN treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons. This treaty, which entered in force in 2017 and has been signed by 94 countries, prohibits states from participating in any nuclear weapon activities.
The International Campaign for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons – in which Setsuko Thurlow is a leading figure – was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2017 for its efforts to achieve this legally binding prohibition of such weapons.
Still work to do
Within Japan, Nihon Hidankyo has worked to challenge the government’s position on nuclear weapons. The Japanese government is supportive of American nuclear weapons, despite the horrors witnessed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and depends on them as a deterrent against its several nuclear-armed neighbours.
Successive Japanese governments have insisted on the importance of nuclear weapons for the country’s national security. But it remains a controversial stance for many in Japan. Every Japanese school child typically visits Hiroshima or Nagasaki to learn about the nightmarish consequences of nuclear weapons.
The decision to award the Nobel peace prize to Nihon Hidankyo is particularly timely. In 2023, the world’s nine nuclear powers spent over US$91 billion (£69.5 billion) on nuclear weapons. And since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin has repeatedly threatened to use his nuclear arsenal.
These concerning developments were acknowledged by the Nobel committee. When awarding Nihon Hidankyo with the prize, the committee said it was “alarming that today this taboo against the use of nuclear weapons is under pressure.”
The world’s nuclear powers – especially China and the US – are expanding and modernising their arsenals. North Korea is continuing to develop its nuclear weapons programme. And tensions are fast escalating between nuclear-armed Israel and near-nuclear Iran.
The threats posed by nuclear weapons are more apparent now than they have been at any time since the cold war. With barely 100,000 hibakusha alive today, it is imperative that we listen to their voices and their warnings.
Eirini Karamouzi is a Senior Lecturer in Contemporary History at the University of Sheffield; Luc-André Brunet is a Senior Lecturer in Contemporary International History at The Open University.
The Conversation arose out of deep-seated concerns for the fading quality of our public discourse and recognition of the vital role that academic experts could play in the public arena. Information has always been essential to democracy. It’s a societal good, like clean water. But many now find it difficult to put their trust in the media and experts who have spent years researching a topic. Instead, they listen to those who have the loudest voices. Those uninformed views are amplified by social media networks that reward those who spark outrage instead of insight or thoughtful discussion. The Conversation seeks to be part of the solution to this problem, to raise up the voices of true experts and to make their knowledge available to everyone. The Conversation publishes nightly at 9 p.m. on FlaglerLive.
A Concerned Observer says
If there was not a Pearl Harbor, the rape and massacre of Nanking and other atrocities throughout the Pacific Theater, there would not have been a Hiroshima and Nagasaki. “As you sow, so shall you reap.” The US and our allies did not start that war, they just had to finish it.
DaleL says
The nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll involved seven (7) nuclear blasts. They were in the air, in the sea, and on the atoll itself. The combined yield was estimated to be the equivalent of 77 million tons of TNT. In contrast, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs had a combined yield estimated to be the equivalent of 35 thousand tons of TNT, (15 kt + 20 kt). It is thus no surprise that the tests at Bikini Atoll created so much more nuclear fallout.
The emphasis on the horror of nuclear weapons and the possibility of nuclear war is not unjustified. However, conventional war is just as murderous and horrible. The fire bombing of Tokyo was the most destructive aerial bombing of WWII. A fact that is often overlooked. The total number of deaths attributed to WWII is over 70 million people.
It is war that is the problem. War can never be civilized. As long as “civilized” people tolerate murderous war-making regimes, there will be war. Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons in 1994 (Budapest Memorandum) in return for a pledge from Russia, UK, and USA to honor its borders. Russian dictator Putin ignored the agreement and has caused the deaths of untold thousands of people and the displacement of millions of Ukrainians.
Terri says
I appreciate the previous comments, but I think it is important to remember that this group has been honored for their work to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons. I have visited the Peace Museum in Hiroshima Japan, there is nothing political about the grounds or the museum. Most can agree that the atrocities of war are all horrific, but this Nobel Peace Price only honors those who survived the bombing and went forward to do what they could to alert the rest of the world the dangers of nuclear war. Bless them for continuing their work through many years.