By Jennifer Selin
Rumors and lies about government responses to natural disasters are not new. Politics, misinformation and blame-shifting have long surrounded government response efforts.
When Hurricane Harvey hit Houston in 2017, for example, rumors and misinformation both originated from and were spread by government, news and individual user accounts on social media. And after Hurricane Sandy in 2012, rumors about the storm were so widespread that even CNN’s live coverage of the event was inaccurate.
Those rumors don’t usually come from former presidents. Yet in the wake of hurricanes Helene and Milton, former President Donald Trump spread falsehoods about the federal government’s response to the disaster. Misinformation on the topic became so widespread that the Federal Emergency Management Agency, known as FEMA, set up a webpage to debunk the rumors spawned by Trump.
President Joe Biden responded angrily, calling the falsehoods that Trump and his followers spread “reckless, irresponsible” and “disturbing.” He also suggested Trump’s claims undermined the rescue and recovery work being done by local, state and federal authorities.
Disaster relief often becomes political because so many people are affected – and because there is a lot of media coverage surrounding hurricanes, floods and other major weather events. Additionally, relief requires a lot of money and coordination by high-profile elected officials.
The rhetoric around federal emergency management is made only more complicated because most people do not know that much about the federal law that governs disaster relief. Indeed, even state and local officials find navigating the details of the law and accompanying regulations difficult.
And finally, the law’s design and the timing of hurricane season can lead to politicization. Elected officials – politicians – are always involved in coordinating government response efforts, adding a layer of politics to disaster relief. The fact that hurricane and election seasons coincide only heightens the politics of such relief.
Explaining government responses to natural disasters
The Disaster Relief Act of 1974, as amended and now known as the Stafford Act, is the law that governs how the federal government responds to natural disasters and other emergencies.
But the act does not guarantee federal assistance to the communities affected by hurricanes or other natural disasters.
Instead, the governor of an affected state or the chief executive of an affected tribal government must ask the president for a disaster declaration. The request can be made before or after a storm hits but must show that the disaster is of such a severity and magnitude that the state, local or tribal governments cannot respond on their own.
Responding to such requests, Biden issued declarations covering eight states before and after Helene. He also issued a declaration for the Seminole Tribe and the state of Florida in response to Milton.
After the president issues a declaration, the federal government can begin to assist state, local and tribal governments. This includes coordinating all disaster relief assistance – from evacuations to recovery – provided by federal agencies, private organizations such as the Red Cross, and state and local governments.
Federal assistance can be financial or logistical. It covers everything from help repairing roads and restoring utility services to providing assistance and services, such as temporary housing, legal services and crisis counseling, to the people who have been affected by the disaster.
The number of federal agencies and employees involved in disaster relief is astounding. For example, thousands of federal personnel from FEMA, the Coast Guard, Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection Agency and the departments of Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation are helping respond to Helene and Milton.
Several state and local officials also play key roles after a disaster declaration. Each state’s governor or tribe’s chief executive serves as the leading official for coordination of state and federal efforts. That person also designates an officer to serve as a liaison between the federal government and the state or tribe. And in each affected community, a local elected official leads the response on the ground. This is usually a city or town’s mayor.
Federalism in action
Implementation of the Stafford Act requires cooperative, healthy relationships between the president, federal agencies and state, local and tribal governments.
When done well, government disaster response is a prime example of what’s called “federalism” in action. Federalism involves the sharing of power between the national and state governments. The framers of the United States Constitution created this system of shared power so that the national government could solve coordination and capacity problems among the states, and the state governments could respond to the nuances of local circumstances.
In response to state government requests in the wake of Hurricane Helene, for example, Biden directed federal efforts to help those most affected. The federal government’s response has so far included working with over 450 state and local officials to ensure that those affected by the hurricane have everything from housing assistance to financial support for medical and funeral expenses.
Politics in the mix
The very things that the framers designed the federalist constitutional system to do, however, can create opportunities for political manipulation. The Stafford Act creates a system of emergency management that is highly decentralized and responsive to local needs.
But that decentralization also means that, because of their different perspectives, the officials involved in disaster response prioritize different things, which can lead to conflict.
For example, various officials involved in the response to Hurricane Helene have advocated for federal resources such as money and personnel to go toward restoring utilities, law enforcement, fire, health, communications and transportation services. How can the national government possibly choose between all of these necessary services?
Everything is made more complicated because, as studies have shown, on average, the officials in charge of making such decisions – elected officials and their appointees – have less experience in government than the career civil servants who work on a daily basis with the people affected by natural disasters.
As a result, the Stafford Act’s decision to place elected officials and their appointees in charge of emergency management could reduce the quality of government response.
Mario Tama/Getty Images
Debating size and role of government
Elected officials’ different political leanings add another wrinkle. Debates over disaster response often reflect larger political debates such as those over the size and role of government.
The history of the Stafford Act provides an illustrative example. Traditionally, disaster relief was the responsibility of state and local government. But a series of natural disasters, including the Alaska earthquake in 1964 and hurricanes Betsy in 1965 and Camille in 1969, were so large in scale that the federal government had to step in and help.
In the aftermath of Camille, accusations of racial discrimination in the relief process and partisan squabbling over who was to blame for the ineffectiveness of the government’s response to the disaster mounted. Media and congressional attention on government mismanagement of the relief effort created a window for the expansion of the federal government’s role in the process and ultimately led to the passage of the first version of the Stafford Act.
Fast-forward 35 years and many of the same issues – racial discrimination, government mismanagement and politicization of relief – arose in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Media and congressional attention led to legislation that amended the Stafford Act and restructured FEMA and how the federal government responds to state and tribal requests for assistance.
Trump’s lies are from the same playbook – false claims about money being diverted to migrants and that relief efforts are being used only to help areas where Democrats live.
Yet the devastation left by Helene and Milton do raise questions about local and federal coordination in preparation for and response to natural disasters and has led to calls for Congress to pass reforms to improve equity, efficiency and effectiveness in government responses to natural disasters. Whether this reform is possible in such a contentious political climate remains an open question.
Jennifer Selin is Associate Professor of Law at Arizona State University.
The Conversation arose out of deep-seated concerns for the fading quality of our public discourse and recognition of the vital role that academic experts could play in the public arena. Information has always been essential to democracy. It’s a societal good, like clean water. But many now find it difficult to put their trust in the media and experts who have spent years researching a topic. Instead, they listen to those who have the loudest voices. Those uninformed views are amplified by social media networks that reward those who spark outrage instead of insight or thoughtful discussion. The Conversation seeks to be part of the solution to this problem, to raise up the voices of true experts and to make their knowledge available to everyone. The Conversation publishes nightly at 9 p.m. on FlaglerLive.
jackson says
Deliberately spreading misinformation during a national disaster should be a crime. It’s not free speech when your speech is causing harm to others. Honestly, the fact that Trump was president baffles me. He was, and still is, the laughingstock of the world.
Laurel says
I saw a video where Mick Jagger stated that, from the outside (Europe), the most polite way he could put it, was that they are “mystified” that Americans would vote for such a person.
DaleL says
I agree. It is the equivalent of yelling “FIRE” in a crowded theater.
In addition, individuals, who are harmed by misinformation spread by prominent people, social media platforms, and “news” businesses, should be able to file class action lawsuits for damages.
Just a thought says
What if the theater is not crowded? Is it still illegal?
Nephew Of Uncle Sam says
Yes
Charles says
Everything Trump says and does is harming the USA, he is not for our country but is doing his best to destroy us. He is a domestic terrorists out to destroy our democracy and the true idiots in this world are the ones voting for him. Be patriotic and stand up for our country and our constitution something Trump is destroying.
Wallingford says
Maybe Mr. Trump needs to lie about the Biden Administration’s response to deflect from his lack of response; throwing paper towels to the Citizens of Puerto Rico is not a response. He accuses the Biden Administration of diverting FEMA Funds because he did that. The Biden Administration is certainly not. He accuses FEMA of not giving the same level of relief to Republican leaning Counties. He refused to California fire aid until he knew how many people voted for him. His total campaign rhetoric is a lie. He is seeing a Gastroenterologist because he is soiling himself in court or in meetings and refuses to make his health records public. And I do not mean a letter from Ronny Jackson; a letter that Trump himself dictated. His Mental Health is waning and he’s calling Vice President Harris Retarded or questions her mental acuity. Deflection? They eat pets. They kill babies after birth. He was man of the year in Michigan. Does he know the truth.
Laurel says
“I love the poorly educated” stated Trump to his fans at a rally, who were clearly not paying attention.
Sorry to say it, but he said it for a reason. I’ve seen videos by Jordan Klepper, Adam Mockler, and The Young Turks interviewing people at rallies, asking them questions that they should be able to answer. These people are woefully ignorant of facts about the very things they are against. It is upsetting to me that so many Americans are so under-educated, and believe Trump and his constant, outrageous lies. Not only that, but constantly make excuses for him.
There is no excuse, for a man so foul, to have any place in the race of becoming President of the United States.
James says
He is a convicted felon and should not be allowed to run for President of our country, he should be in jail but he has the Judge in South Florida working with him to help him get out of having a trial which he knows will land him in prison for sure. Wonder what he offered her to do his dirty work, a membership at Mar A Lago or a position in the White House if he wins. Whatever it is he is corrupt to the core of his ever breath he takes.
Laurel says
“[Judge Aileen] Cannon is also tied to [Leonard] Leo in other ways. For nearly two decades, Cannon has been a member of the Federalist Society — the far right conservative legal network that Leo chairs.”
– TruthOut.org
“Leonard Anthony Leo (born November 1965) is an American lawyer and conservative legal activist. He was the longtime vice president of the Federalist Society and is currently, along with Steven Calabresi, the co-chairman of the organization’s board of directors.
Leo has created a network of influential conservative legal groups funded mostly by anonymous donors, including The 85 Fund and Concord Fund, which serve as funding hubs for affiliated political nonprofits.[1] He assisted Clarence Thomas in his Supreme Court confirmation hearings and led campaigns to support the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.” – Wikipedia
Sherry says
Greetings from Fez, Morocco. . . where the American flags have been taken down and where “every single” person we’ve met who speaks even a tiny bit of English has said they are “afraid” of trump. Italians, French, Spanish, even the Germans also say they cannot understand why anyone would vote for a person who and then they create the universal symbol of a finger motion around the ear. Some also have seen the video about trump saying “they are eating the dogs and cats”. . . and, they laugh and say President??? An Italian couple said “all Italians are voting for Kamala”. . . and, they even managed to pronounce it correctly.
This is your first person, unsolicited “truthful” account from our travels in France, Portugal, Spain and now Morocco. They are all saying the same thing.
jake says
Having lived in Florida my whole life, and experienced numerous hurricanes with power loss for up to a week (twice), I have never met a FEMA person.
Ray W, says
Hello Jake.
I, too, am a native Floridian who has lived through many hurricanes. I have never met a FEMA employee, either, because I have never needed to file a claim. I fixed my own problems.
However, that you haven’t seen one proves what? We all know they are around, and we all can find out where they are if we need one. For many, they are there in times of great need. They coordinate municipal, county and state outreach.
Who knows how many trees I have cut up and hauled out to the side of the road for pick-up, my own or those from yards of family members, neighbors and more distant friends over the decades, though I know many who have done more than me. I know of fellow lawyers who obtained free generators from FEMA funds, but I bought my own after a huge storm. My MIL was out of power after my own was restored. I bought it for her to use for the two additional weeks or so that she was without power. After that, each time the power went out during a major storm, I used it as a community powerplant, with as many as three neighbors hooked into the generator.
I have seen FEMA contractors as they drove trucks through neighborhoods picking up huge piles of debris. I commonly worked with a wonderful Spanish speaker who was certified to interpret in the court system for those of my clients who needed her skills; she was a FEMA employee who would take a leave of absence from translating each time she was called away to respond to an emergency.
FEMA is an agency of significant importance to many. For you and me, not so much.
Laurel says
Ray W.: From two fellow native Floridians, we too have been through many storms, and never made a claim to FEMA or our insurance…which is why having insurance is so annoying! We have fixed everything ourselves, and know that many others may need the help much more than us.
Actually, what we have learned with this last storm is that our long time, not so wealthy neighbors have been more helpful than our newer wealthy ones. Hmmm!